Systems and methods for using a call chain to identify dependencies among a plurality of microservices

ABSTRACT

Described embodiments provide systems and methods for using a call chain to identify dependencies among a plurality of microservices. A device intermediary to a plurality of microservices can receive a first request to access a first microservice. The processing of the first request can cause the first microservice to communicate a second request to a second microservice. A first unique identifier can be generated for the first request to the first microservice and the device can establish a call chain for identifying a plurality of requests to a first microservice through a last microservice of the plurality of microservices accessed responsive to the first request. The device can forward the first request including the call chain to the first microservice and the second request including the call chain to the second microservice. The device can identify, via the call chain, that the first microservice depends on the second microservice.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of and claims priority to and thebenefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/414,628, titled “SYSTEMSAND METHODS FOR USING A CALL CHAIN TO IDENTIFY DEPENDENCIES AMONG APLURALITY OF MICROSERVICES,” and filed on May 16, 2019, the contents ofall of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entiretyfor all purposes.

BACKGROUND

Devices can include or use a plurality of software applications toperform a variety of different functions. The applications can be builta single, autonomous unit such that the applications are self-containedand independent from other applications executing on a device. However,to update the applications, changes can impact the entire application ordevice executing the respective application. For example, a modificationto a small section of code can require building and deploying anentirely new version of software for the application.

SUMMARY

This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in asimplified form that are further described below in the DetailedDescription. This Summary is not intended to identify key features oressential features, nor is it intended to limit the scope of the claimsincluded herewith.

The present disclosure is directed towards systems and methods for usinga call chain to identify dependencies among a plurality ofmicroservices. A device can be disposed between a plurality ofmicroservices to route and monitor calls and requests communicatedbetween the different microservices to determine dependencies for theplurality of microservices. In embodiments, the device can monitor andrecord deep call graphs for east-west traffic or east-west microservicecalls based in part on an initial or original request. For example, thedevice can receive an initial request. The initial request can be for afirst microservice of a plurality of microservices that collectively canbe a component a service or application. The first microservice can,responsive to the initial request, communicate a second request to asecond microservice of the plurality of microservices. The device cangenerate a call chain based on the initial request that can identify aplurality of requests for the first microservice through a lastmicroservice of the plurality of microservices to handle or complete theinitial request. The initial request can be forwarded to the firstmicroservice and include the call chain with the initial request.

The device can monitor and track subsequent calls or requests generatedresponsive to the initial request and made between the plurality ofmicroservices. The call chain can be updated to include or identify themicroservices communicated with subsequent to the first microservice.The device can use the call chain to identify one or more dependenciesbetween the plurality of microservices. For example, the device candetermine that a first microservice depends on a second microservicebased in part on at least one communication or call made between thefirst microservice and the second microservice. In embodiments, thedevice can monitor the communications between the microservices todetermine statistics such as, but not limited to, call counts, times,and/or success rates for incoming calls. The device can identifyfailures between different microservices to reduce time to resolutionfor inter-service failures.

In at least one aspect, a method for using a call chain to identifydependencies among a plurality of microservices is provided. The methodcan include receiving, by a device intermediary to a plurality ofmicroservices, a first request to access a first microservice of theplurality of microservices. In embodiments, the processing of the firstrequest by the first microservice can cause the first microservice tocommunicate at least a second request to a second microservice of theplurality of microservices. The method can include generating, by thedevice, a first unique identifier for the first request to the firstmicroservice and establishing, by the device, a call chain foridentifying a plurality of requests to a first microservice through alast microservice of the plurality of microservices accessed responsiveto the first request. The call chain can identify the first uniqueidentifier. The method can include forwarding, by the device, the firstrequest including the call chain to the first microservice andincluding, by the device, in the call chain a second unique identifiergenerated by the device for the second request to the secondmicroservice. The method can include forwarding, by the device, thesecond request including the call chain to the second microservice. Thecall chain can identify the first microservice and the secondmicroservice. The method can include identifying, by the device via thecall chain, that the first microservice depends on the secondmicroservice.

In some embodiments, the processing of the second request can cause thesecond microservice to communicate a third request to a thirdmicroservice of the plurality of microservices. The method can includegenerating, by the device, a third unique identifier for the thirdrequest and having the third unique identifier be identified by the callchain. The method can include receiving, by the device, the secondrequest to access the second microservice responsive to the firstmicroservice processing the first request. The method can includegenerating, by the device, the second unique identifier responsive toreceiving the second request.

In embodiments, a header of one of the first request or the secondrequest can include the call chain. The call chain can include metadataattached to one of the first request or the second request. Each of theplurality of microservices can be a component of one or more services.The device can be one a proxy or a gateway. The method can includegenerating a service graph of the call chain to identify a failurebetween the plurality of microservices, a number of times a microservicehas been called, a time at which the microservice has been called and arate of success of using the plurality of microservices of the callchain.

In at least one aspect, a system for using a call chain to identifydependencies among a plurality of microservices is provided. The systemcan include a device comprising one or more processors, coupled tomemory and intermediary to a plurality of microservices. The device canbe configured to receive a first request to access a first microserviceof the plurality of microservices. In embodiments, the processing of thefirst request by the first microservice can cause the first microserviceto communicate at least a second request to a second microservice of theplurality of microservices. The device can be configured to generate afirst unique identifier for the first request to the first microservice.The device can be configured to establish a call chain for identifying aplurality of requests to a first microservice through a lastmicroservice of the plurality of microservices accessed responsive tothe first request, wherein the call chain identifies the first uniqueidentifier. The device can be configured to forward the first requestincluding the call chain to the first microservice and include in thecall chain a second unique identifier generated by the device for thesecond request to the second microservice. The device can be configuredto forward the second request including the call chain to the secondmicroservice. The call chain can identify the first microservice and thesecond microservice. The device can be configured to identify, via thecall chain, that the first microservice depends on the secondmicroservice.

In some embodiments, the processing of the second request can cause thesecond microservice to communicate a third request to a thirdmicroservice of the plurality of microservices. The device can befurther configured to generate a third unique identifier for the thirdrequest and having the third unique identifier be identified by the callchain. The device can be further configured to receive the secondrequest to access the second microservice responsive to the firstmicroservice processing the first request. In embodiments, the devicecan be further configured to generate the second unique identifierresponsive to receiving the second request.

In some embodiments, a header of one of the first request or the secondrequest can include the call chain. The call chain can include metadataattached to one of the first request or the second request. Each of theplurality of microservices can be a component of one or more services.The device can be further configured to generate a service graph toidentify a failure between the plurality of microservices, a number oftimes a microservice has been called, a time at which the microservicehas been called and a rate of success of using the plurality ofmicroservices of the call chain.

In at least one aspect, a system is provided. The system can include adevice comprising one or more processors, coupled to memory andintermediary to a plurality of microservices. The device can beconfigured to track a plurality of requests between the plurality ofmicroservices using a plurality of call chains. Each of the plurality ofcall chains can identify via one or more unique identifiers a pluralityof requests from a first microservice through a last microservice of theplurality of microservices. The device can be configured to generate,based at least on the plurality of call chains, one or more servicegraphs identifying one or more dependencies between two or moremicroservices. The device can be configured to identify via the one ormore service graphs a failure between the two or microservices that havea dependency.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIGURES

Objects, aspects, features, and advantages of embodiments disclosedherein will become more fully apparent from the following detaileddescription, the appended claims, and the accompanying drawing figuresin which like reference numerals identify similar or identical elements.Reference numerals that are introduced in the specification inassociation with a drawing figure may be repeated in one or moresubsequent figures without additional description in the specificationin order to provide context for other features, and not every elementmay be labeled in every figure. The drawing figures are not necessarilyto scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating embodiments,principles and concepts. The drawings are not intended to limit thescope of the claims included herewith.

FIG. 1A is a block diagram of a network computing system, in accordancewith an illustrative embodiment;

FIG. 1B is a block diagram of a network computing system for deliveringa computing environment from a server to a client via an appliance, inaccordance with an illustrative embodiment;

FIG. 1C is a block diagram of a computing device, in accordance with anillustrative embodiment;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an appliance for processing communicationsbetween a client and a server, in accordance with an illustrativeembodiment;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a virtualization environment, in accordancewith an illustrative embodiment;

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a cluster system, in accordance with anillustrative embodiment;

FIG. 5A is a block diagram of a service graph based system, inaccordance with an illustrative embodiment;

FIG. 5B is a block diagram of a service graph, in accordance with anillustrative embodiment;

FIG. 5C is a flow diagram of a method of using a service graph, inaccordance with an illustrative embodiment;

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a system for using a call chain to identifydependencies among a plurality of microservices; and

FIGS. 7A-7C are a flow diagram of a method for using a call chain toidentify dependencies among a plurality of microservices.

The features and advantages of the present solution will become moreapparent from the detailed description set forth below when taken inconjunction with the drawings, in which like reference charactersidentify corresponding elements throughout. In the drawings, likereference numbers generally indicate identical, functionally similar,and/or structurally similar elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

For purposes of reading the description of the various embodimentsbelow, the following descriptions of the sections of the specificationand their respective contents may be helpful:

Section A describes a network environment and computing environmentwhich may be useful for practicing embodiments described herein;

Section B describes embodiments of systems and methods for delivering acomputing environment to a remote user;

Section C describes embodiments of systems and methods for virtualizingan application delivery controller;

Section D describes embodiments of systems and methods for providing aclustered appliance architecture environment;

Section E describes implementation of systems and methods for a servicegraph based platform and technology; and

Section F describes embodiments of systems and methods for using a callchain to identify dependencies among a plurality of microservices.

A. Network and Computing Environment

Referring to FIG. 1A, an illustrative network environment 100 isdepicted. Network environment 100 may include one or more clients102(1)-102(n) (also generally referred to as local machine(s) 102 orclient(s) 102) in communication with one or more servers 106(1)-106(n)(also generally referred to as remote machine(s) 106 or server(s) 106)via one or more networks 104(1)-104 n (generally referred to asnetwork(s) 104). In some embodiments, a client 102 may communicate witha server 106 via one or more appliances 200(1)-200 n (generally referredto as appliance(s) 200 or gateway(s) 200).

Although the embodiment shown in FIG. 1A shows one or more networks 104between clients 102 and servers 106, in other embodiments, clients 102and servers 106 may be on the same network 104. The various networks 104may be the same type of network or different types of networks. Forexample, in some embodiments, network 104(1) may be a private networksuch as a local area network (LAN) or a company Intranet, while network104(2) and/or network 104(n) may be a public network, such as a widearea network (WAN) or the Internet. In other embodiments, both network104(1) and network 104(n) may be private networks. Networks 104 mayemploy one or more types of physical networks and/or network topologies,such as wired and/or wireless networks, and may employ one or morecommunication transport protocols, such as transmission control protocol(TCP), internet protocol (IP), user datagram protocol (UDP) or othersimilar protocols.

As shown in FIG. 1A, one or more appliances 200 may be located atvarious points or in various communication paths of network environment100. For example, appliance 200 may be deployed between two networks104(1) and 104(2), and appliances 200 may communicate with one anotherto work in conjunction to, for example, accelerate network trafficbetween clients 102 and servers 106. In other embodiments, the appliance200 may be located on a network 104. For example, appliance 200 may beimplemented as part of one of clients 102 and/or servers 106. In anembodiment, appliance 200 may be implemented as a network device such asCitrix networking (formerly NetScaler®) products sold by Citrix Systems,Inc. of Fort Lauderdale, Fla.

As shown in FIG. 1A, one or more servers 106 may operate as a serverfarm 38. Servers 106 of server farm 38 may be logically grouped, and mayeither be geographically co-located (e.g., on premises) orgeographically dispersed (e.g., cloud based) from clients 102 and/orother servers 106. In an embodiment, server farm 38 executes one or moreapplications on behalf of one or more of clients 102 (e.g., as anapplication server), although other uses are possible, such as a fileserver, gateway server, proxy server, or other similar server uses.Clients 102 may seek access to hosted applications on servers 106.

As shown in FIG. 1A, in some embodiments, appliances 200 may include, bereplaced by, or be in communication with, one or more additionalappliances, such as WAN optimization appliances 205(1)-205(n), referredto generally as WAN optimization appliance(s) 205. For example, WANoptimization appliance 205 may accelerate, cache, compress or otherwiseoptimize or improve performance, operation, flow control, or quality ofservice of network traffic, such as traffic to and/or from a WANconnection, such as optimizing Wide Area File Services (WAFS),accelerating Server Message Block (SMB) or Common Internet File System(CIFS). In some embodiments, appliance 205 may be a performanceenhancing proxy or a WAN optimization controller. In one embodiment,appliance 205 may be implemented as Citrix SD-WAN products sold byCitrix Systems, Inc. of Fort Lauderdale, Fla.

Referring to FIG. 1B, an example network environment, 100′, fordelivering and/or operating a computing network environment on a client102 is shown. As shown in FIG. 1B, a server 106 may include anapplication delivery system 190 for delivering a computing environment,application, and/or data files to one or more clients 102. Client 102may include client agent 120 and computing environment 15. Computingenvironment 15 may execute or operate an application, 16, that accesses,processes or uses a data file 17. Computing environment 15, application16 and/or data file 17 may be delivered via appliance 200 and/or theserver 106.

Appliance 200 may accelerate delivery of all or a portion of computingenvironment 15 to a client 102, for example by the application deliverysystem 190. For example, appliance 200 may accelerate delivery of astreaming application and data file processable by the application froma data center to a remote user location by accelerating transport layertraffic between a client 102 and a server 106. Such acceleration may beprovided by one or more techniques, such as: 1) transport layerconnection pooling, 2) transport layer connection multiplexing, 3)transport control protocol buffering, 4) compression, 5) caching, orother techniques. Appliance 200 may also provide load balancing ofservers 106 to process requests from clients 102, act as a proxy oraccess server to provide access to the one or more servers 106, providesecurity and/or act as a firewall between a client 102 and a server 106,provide Domain Name Service (DNS) resolution, provide one or morevirtual servers or virtual internet protocol servers, and/or provide asecure virtual private network (VPN) connection from a client 102 to aserver 106, such as a secure socket layer (SSL) VPN connection and/orprovide encryption and decryption operations.

Application delivery management system 190 may deliver computingenvironment 15 to a user (e.g., client 102), remote or otherwise, basedon authentication and authorization policies applied by policy engine195. A remote user may obtain a computing environment and access toserver stored applications and data files from any network-connecteddevice (e.g., client 102). For example, appliance 200 may request anapplication and data file from server 106. In response to the request,application delivery system 190 and/or server 106 may deliver theapplication and data file to client 102, for example via an applicationstream to operate in computing environment 15 on client 102, or via aremote-display protocol or otherwise via remote-based or server-basedcomputing. In an embodiment, application delivery system 190 may beimplemented as any portion of the Citrix Workspace Suite™ by CitrixSystems, Inc., such as Citrix Virtual Apps and Desktops (formerlyXenApp® and XenDesktop®).

Policy engine 195 may control and manage the access to, and executionand delivery of, applications. For example, policy engine 195 maydetermine the one or more applications a user or client 102 may accessand/or how the application should be delivered to the user or client102, such as a server-based computing, streaming or delivering theapplication locally to the client 120 for local execution.

For example, in operation, a client 102 may request execution of anapplication (e.g., application 16′) and application delivery system 190of server 106 determines how to execute application 16′, for examplebased upon credentials received from client 102 and a user policyapplied by policy engine 195 associated with the credentials. Forexample, application delivery system 190 may enable client 102 toreceive application-output data generated by execution of theapplication on a server 106, may enable client 102 to execute theapplication locally after receiving the application from server 106, ormay stream the application via network 104 to client 102. For example,in some embodiments, the application may be a server-based or aremote-based application executed on server 106 on behalf of client 102.Server 106 may display output to client 102 using a thin-client orremote-display protocol, such as the Independent Computing Architecture(ICA) protocol by Citrix Systems, Inc. of Fort Lauderdale, Fla. Theapplication may be any application related to real-time datacommunications, such as applications for streaming graphics, streamingvideo and/or audio or other data, delivery of remote desktops orworkspaces or hosted services or applications, for exampleinfrastructure as a service (IaaS), desktop as a service (DaaS),workspace as a service (WaaS), software as a service (SaaS) or platformas a service (PaaS).

One or more of servers 106 may include a performance monitoring serviceor agent 197. In some embodiments, a dedicated one or more servers 106may be employed to perform performance monitoring. Performancemonitoring may be performed using data collection, aggregation,analysis, management and reporting, for example by software, hardware ora combination thereof. Performance monitoring may include one or moreagents for performing monitoring, measurement and data collectionactivities on clients 102 (e.g., client agent 120), servers 106 (e.g.,agent 197) or an appliance 200 and/or 205 (agent not shown). In general,monitoring agents (e.g., 120 and/or 197) execute transparently (e.g., inthe background) to any application and/or user of the device. In someembodiments, monitoring agent 197 includes any of the productembodiments referred to as Citrix Analytics or Citrix ApplicationDelivery Management by Citrix Systems, Inc. of Fort Lauderdale, Fla.

The monitoring agents 120 and 197 may monitor, measure, collect, and/oranalyze data on a predetermined frequency, based upon an occurrence ofgiven event(s), or in real time during operation of network environment100. The monitoring agents may monitor resource consumption and/orperformance of hardware, software, and/or communications resources ofclients 102, networks 104, appliances 200 and/or 205, and/or servers106. For example, network connections such as a transport layerconnection, network latency, bandwidth utilization, end-user responsetimes, application usage and performance, session connections to anapplication, cache usage, memory usage, processor usage, storage usage,database transactions, client and/or server utilization, active users,duration of user activity, application crashes, errors, or hangs, thetime required to log-in to an application, a server, or the applicationdelivery system, and/or other performance conditions and metrics may bemonitored.

The monitoring agents 120 and 197 may provide application performancemanagement for application delivery system 190. For example, based uponone or more monitored performance conditions or metrics, applicationdelivery system 190 may be dynamically adjusted, for exampleperiodically or in real-time, to optimize application delivery byservers 106 to clients 102 based upon network environment performanceand conditions.

In described embodiments, clients 102, servers 106, and appliances 200and 205 may be deployed as and/or executed on any type and form ofcomputing device, such as any desktop computer, laptop computer, ormobile device capable of communication over at least one network andperforming the operations described herein. For example, clients 102,servers 106 and/or appliances 200 and 205 may each correspond to onecomputer, a plurality of computers, or a network of distributedcomputers such as computer 101 shown in FIG. 1C.

As shown in FIG. 1C, computer 101 may include one or more processors103, volatile memory 122 (e.g., RAM), non-volatile memory 128 (e.g., oneor more hard disk drives (HDDs) or other magnetic or optical storagemedia, one or more solid state drives (SSDs) such as a flash drive orother solid state storage media, one or more hybrid magnetic and solidstate drives, and/or one or more virtual storage volumes, such as acloud storage, or a combination of such physical storage volumes andvirtual storage volumes or arrays thereof), user interface (UI) 123, oneor more communications interfaces 118, and communication bus 150. Userinterface 123 may include graphical user interface (GUI) 124 (e.g., atouchscreen, a display, etc.) and one or more input/output (I/O) devices126 (e.g., a mouse, a keyboard, etc.). Non-volatile memory 128 storesoperating system 115, one or more applications 116, and data 117 suchthat, for example, computer instructions of operating system 115 and/orapplications 116 are executed by processor(s) 103 out of volatile memory122. Data may be entered using an input device of GUI 124 or receivedfrom I/O device(s) 126. Various elements of computer 101 may communicatevia communication bus 150. Computer 101 as shown in FIG. 1C is shownmerely as an example, as clients 102, servers 106 and/or appliances 200and 205 may be implemented by any computing or processing environmentand with any type of machine or set of machines that may have suitablehardware and/or software capable of operating as described herein.

Processor(s) 103 may be implemented by one or more programmableprocessors executing one or more computer programs to perform thefunctions of the system. As used herein, the term “processor” describesan electronic circuit that performs a function, an operation, or asequence of operations. The function, operation, or sequence ofoperations may be hard coded into the electronic circuit or soft codedby way of instructions held in a memory device. A “processor” mayperform the function, operation, or sequence of operations using digitalvalues or using analog signals. In some embodiments, the “processor” canbe embodied in one or more application specific integrated circuits(ASICs), microprocessors, digital signal processors, microcontrollers,field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), programmable logic arrays(PLAs), multi-core processors, or general-purpose computers withassociated memory. The “processor” may be analog, digital ormixed-signal. In some embodiments, the “processor” may be one or morephysical processors or one or more “virtual” (e.g., remotely located or“cloud”) processors.

Communications interfaces 118 may include one or more interfaces toenable computer 101 to access a computer network such as a LAN, a WAN,or the Internet through a variety of wired and/or wireless or cellularconnections.

In described embodiments, a first computing device 101 may execute anapplication on behalf of a user of a client computing device (e.g., aclient 102), may execute a virtual machine, which provides an executionsession within which applications execute on behalf of a user or aclient computing device (e.g., a client 102), such as a hosted desktopsession, may execute a terminal services session to provide a hosteddesktop environment, or may provide access to a computing environmentincluding one or more of: one or more applications, one or more desktopapplications, and one or more desktop sessions in which one or moreapplications may execute.

B. Appliance Architecture

FIG. 2 shows an example embodiment of appliance 200. As describedherein, appliance 200 may be implemented as a server, gateway, router,switch, bridge or other type of computing or network device. As shown inFIG. 2, an embodiment of appliance 200 may include a hardware layer 206and a software layer 205 divided into a user space 202 and a kernelspace 204. Hardware layer 206 provides the hardware elements upon whichprograms and services within kernel space 204 and user space 202 areexecuted and allow programs and services within kernel space 204 anduser space 202 to communicate data both internally and externally withrespect to appliance 200. As shown in FIG. 2, hardware layer 206 mayinclude one or more processing units 262 for executing software programsand services, memory 264 for storing software and data, network ports266 for transmitting and receiving data over a network, and encryptionprocessor 260 for encrypting and decrypting data such as in relation toSecure Socket Layer (SSL) or Transport Layer Security (TLS) processingof data transmitted and received over the network.

An operating system of appliance 200 allocates, manages, or otherwisesegregates the available system memory into kernel space 204 and userspace 202. Kernel space 204 is reserved for running kernel 230,including any device drivers, kernel extensions or other kernel relatedsoftware. As known to those skilled in the art, kernel 230 is the coreof the operating system, and provides access, control, and management ofresources and hardware-related elements of application 104. Kernel space204 may also include a number of network services or processes workingin conjunction with cache manager 232.

Appliance 200 may include one or more network stacks 267, such as aTCP/IP based stack, for communicating with client(s) 102, server(s) 106,network(s) 104, and/or other appliances 200 or 205. For example,appliance 200 may establish and/or terminate one or more transport layerconnections between clients 102 and servers 106. Each network stack 267may include a buffer 243 for queuing one or more network packets fortransmission by appliance 200.

Kernel space 204 may include cache manager 232, packet engine 240,encryption engine 234, policy engine 236 and compression engine 238. Inother words, one or more of processes 232, 240, 234, 236 and 238 run inthe core address space of the operating system of appliance 200, whichmay reduce the number of data transactions to and from the memory and/orcontext switches between kernel mode and user mode, for example sincedata obtained in kernel mode may not need to be passed or copied to auser process, thread or user level data structure.

Cache manager 232 may duplicate original data stored elsewhere or datapreviously computed, generated or transmitted to reducing the accesstime of the data. In some embodiments, the cache memory may be a dataobject in memory 264 of appliance 200, or may be a physical memoryhaving a faster access time than memory 264.

Policy engine 236 may include a statistical engine or otherconfiguration mechanism to allow a user to identify, specify, define orconfigure a caching policy and access, control and management ofobjects, data or content being cached by appliance 200, and define orconfigure security, network traffic, network access, compression orother functions performed by appliance 200.

Encryption engine 234 may process any security related protocol, such asSSL or TLS. For example, encryption engine 234 may encrypt and decryptnetwork packets, or any portion thereof, communicated via appliance 200,may setup or establish SSL, TLS or other secure connections, for examplebetween client 102, server 106, and/or other appliances 200 or 205. Insome embodiments, encryption engine 234 may use a tunneling protocol toprovide a VPN between a client 102 and a server 106. In someembodiments, encryption engine 234 is in communication with encryptionprocessor 260. Compression engine 238 compresses network packetsbi-directionally between clients 102 and servers 106 and/or between oneor more appliances 200.

Packet engine 240 may manage kernel-level processing of packets receivedand transmitted by appliance 200 via network stacks 267 to send andreceive network packets via network ports 266. Packet engine 240 mayoperate in conjunction with encryption engine 234, cache manager 232,policy engine 236 and compression engine 238, for example to performencryption/decryption, traffic management such as request-level contentswitching and request-level cache redirection, and compression anddecompression of data.

User space 202 is a memory area or portion of the operating system usedby user mode applications or programs otherwise running in user mode. Auser mode application may not access kernel space 204 directly and usesservice calls in order to access kernel services. User space 202 mayinclude graphical user interface (GUI) 210, a command line interface(CLI) 212, shell services 214, health monitor 216, and daemon services218. GUI 210 and CLI 212 enable a system administrator or other user tointeract with and control the operation of appliance 200, such as viathe operating system of appliance 200. Shell services 214 include theprograms, services, tasks, processes or executable instructions tosupport interaction with appliance 200 by a user via the GUI 210 and/orCLI 212.

Health monitor 216 monitors, checks, reports and ensures that networksystems are functioning properly and that users are receiving requestedcontent over a network, for example by monitoring activity of appliance200. In some embodiments, health monitor 216 intercepts and inspects anynetwork traffic passed via appliance 200. For example, health monitor216 may interface with one or more of encryption engine 234, cachemanager 232, policy engine 236, compression engine 238, packet engine240, daemon services 218, and shell services 214 to determine a state,status, operating condition, or health of any portion of the appliance200. Further, health monitor 216 may determine if a program, process,service or task is active and currently running, check status, error orhistory logs provided by any program, process, service or task todetermine any condition, status or error with any portion of appliance200. Additionally, health monitor 216 may measure and monitor theperformance of any application, program, process, service, task orthread executing on appliance 200.

Daemon services 218 are programs that run continuously or in thebackground and handle periodic service requests received by appliance200. In some embodiments, a daemon service may forward the requests toother programs or processes, such as another daemon service 218 asappropriate.

As described herein, appliance 200 may relieve servers 106 of much ofthe processing load caused by repeatedly opening and closing transportlayer connections to clients 102 by opening one or more transport layerconnections with each server 106 and maintaining these connections toallow repeated data accesses by clients via the Internet (e.g.,“connection pooling”). To perform connection pooling, appliance 200 maytranslate or multiplex communications by modifying sequence numbers andacknowledgment numbers at the transport layer protocol level (e.g.,“connection multiplexing”). Appliance 200 may also provide switching orload balancing for communications between the client 102 and server 106.

As described herein, each client 102 may include client agent 120 forestablishing and exchanging communications with appliance 200 and/orserver 106 via a network 104. Client 102 may have installed and/orexecute one or more applications that are in communication with network104. Client agent 120 may intercept network communications from anetwork stack used by the one or more applications. For example, clientagent 120 may intercept a network communication at any point in anetwork stack and redirect the network communication to a destinationdesired, managed or controlled by client agent 120, for example tointercept and redirect a transport layer connection to an IP address andport controlled or managed by client agent 120. Thus, client agent 120may transparently intercept any protocol layer below the transportlayer, such as the network layer, and any protocol layer above thetransport layer, such as the session, presentation or applicationlayers. Client agent 120 can interface with the transport layer tosecure, optimize, accelerate, route or load-balance any communicationsprovided via any protocol carried by the transport layer.

In some embodiments, client agent 120 is implemented as an IndependentComputing Architecture (ICA) client developed by Citrix Systems, Inc. ofFort Lauderdale, Fla. Client agent 120 may perform acceleration,streaming, monitoring, and/or other operations. For example, clientagent 120 may accelerate streaming an application from a server 106 to aclient 102. Client agent 120 may also perform end-pointdetection/scanning and collect end-point information about client 102for appliance 200 and/or server 106. Appliance 200 and/or server 106 mayuse the collected information to determine and provide access,authentication and authorization control of the client's connection tonetwork 104. For example, client agent 120 may identify and determineone or more client-side attributes, such as: the operating system and/ora version of an operating system, a service pack of the operatingsystem, a running service, a running process, a file, presence orversions of various applications of the client, such as antivirus,firewall, security, and/or other software.

C. Systems and Methods for Providing Virtualized Application DeliveryController

Referring now to FIG. 3, a block diagram of a virtualized environment300 is shown. As shown, a computing device 302 in virtualizedenvironment 300 includes a virtualization layer 303, a hypervisor layer304, and a hardware layer 307. Hypervisor layer 304 includes one or morehypervisors (or virtualization managers) 301 that allocates and managesaccess to a number of physical resources in hardware layer 307 (e.g.,physical processor(s) 321 and physical disk(s) 328) by at least onevirtual machine (VM) (e.g., one of VMs 306) executing in virtualizationlayer 303. Each VM 306 may include allocated virtual resources such asvirtual processors 332 and/or virtual disks 342, as well as virtualresources such as virtual memory and virtual network interfaces. In someembodiments, at least one of VMs 306 may include a control operatingsystem (e.g., 305) in communication with hypervisor 301 and used toexecute applications for managing and configuring other VMs (e.g., guestoperating systems 310) on device 302.

In general, hypervisor(s) 301 may provide virtual resources to anoperating system of VMs 306 in any manner that simulates the operatingsystem having access to a physical device. Thus, hypervisor(s) 301 maybe used to emulate virtual hardware, partition physical hardware,virtualize physical hardware, and execute virtual machines that provideaccess to computing environments. In an illustrative embodiment,hypervisor(s) 301 may be implemented as a Citrix Hypervisor by CitrixSystems, Inc. of Fort Lauderdale, Fla. In an illustrative embodiment,device 302 executing a hypervisor that creates a virtual machineplatform on which guest operating systems may execute is referred to asa host server. 302

Hypervisor 301 may create one or more VMs 306 in which an operatingsystem (e.g., control operating system 305 and/or guest operating system310) executes. For example, the hypervisor 301 loads a virtual machineimage to create VMs 306 to execute an operating system. Hypervisor 301may present VMs 306 with an abstraction of hardware layer 307, and/ormay control how physical capabilities of hardware layer 307 arepresented to VMs 306. For example, hypervisor(s) 301 may manage a poolof resources distributed across multiple physical computing devices.

In some embodiments, one of VMs 306 (e.g., the VM executing controloperating system 305) may manage and configure other of VMs 306, forexample by managing the execution and/or termination of a VM and/ormanaging allocation of virtual resources to a VM. In variousembodiments, VMs may communicate with hypervisor(s) 301 and/or other VMsvia, for example, one or more Application Programming Interfaces (APIs),shared memory, and/or other techniques.

In general, VMs 306 may provide a user of device 302 with access toresources within virtualized computing environment 300, for example, oneor more programs, applications, documents, files, desktop and/orcomputing environments, or other resources. In some embodiments, VMs 306may be implemented as fully virtualized VMs that are not aware that theyare virtual machines (e.g., a Hardware Virtual Machine or HVM). In otherembodiments, the VM may be aware that it is a virtual machine, and/orthe VM may be implemented as a paravirtualized (PV) VM.

Although shown in FIG. 3 as including a single virtualized device 302,virtualized environment 300 may include a plurality of networked devicesin a system in which at least one physical host executes a virtualmachine. A device on which a VM executes may be referred to as aphysical host and/or a host machine. For example, appliance 200 may beadditionally or alternatively implemented in a virtualized environment300 on any computing device, such as a client 102, server 106 orappliance 200. Virtual appliances may provide functionality foravailability, performance, health monitoring, caching and compression,connection multiplexing and pooling and/or security processing (e.g.,firewall, VPN, encryption/decryption, etc.), similarly as described inregard to appliance 200.

In some embodiments, a server may execute multiple virtual machines 306,for example on various cores of a multi-core processing system and/orvarious processors of a multiple processor device. For example, althoughgenerally shown herein as “processors” (e.g., in FIGS. 1C, 2 and 3), oneor more of the processors may be implemented as either single- ormulti-core processors to provide a multi-threaded, parallel architectureand/or multi-core architecture. Each processor and/or core may have oruse memory that is allocated or assigned for private or local use thatis only accessible by that processor/core, and/or may have or use memorythat is public or shared and accessible by multiple processors/cores.Such architectures may allow work, task, load or network trafficdistribution across one or more processors and/or one or more cores(e.g., by functional parallelism, data parallelism, flow-based dataparallelism, etc.).

Further, instead of (or in addition to) the functionality of the coresbeing implemented in the form of a physical processor/core, suchfunctionality may be implemented in a virtualized environment (e.g.,300) on a client 102, server 106 or appliance 200, such that thefunctionality may be implemented across multiple devices, such as acluster of computing devices, a server farm or network of computingdevices, etc. The various processors/cores may interface or communicatewith each other using a variety of interface techniques, such as core tocore messaging, shared memory, kernel APIs, etc.

In embodiments employing multiple processors and/or multiple processorcores, described embodiments may distribute data packets among cores orprocessors, for example to balance the flows across the cores. Forexample, packet distribution may be based upon determinations offunctions performed by each core, source and destination addresses,and/or whether: a load on the associated core is above a predeterminedthreshold; the load on the associated core is below a predeterminedthreshold; the load on the associated core is less than the load on theother cores; or any other metric that can be used to determine where toforward data packets based in part on the amount of load on a processor.

For example, data packets may be distributed among cores or processesusing receive-side scaling (RSS) in order to process packets usingmultiple processors/cores in a network. RSS generally allows packetprocessing to be balanced across multiple processors/cores whilemaintaining in-order delivery of the packets. In some embodiments, RSSmay use a hashing scheme to determine a core or processor for processinga packet.

The RSS may generate hashes from any type and form of input, such as asequence of values. This sequence of values can include any portion ofthe network packet, such as any header, field or payload of networkpacket, and include any tuples of information associated with a networkpacket or data flow, such as addresses and ports. The hash result or anyportion thereof may be used to identify a processor, core, engine, etc.,for distributing a network packet, for example via a hash table,indirection table, or other mapping technique.

D. Systems and Methods for Providing a Distributed Cluster Architecture

Although shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B as being single appliances, appliances200 may be implemented as one or more distributed or clusteredappliances. Individual computing devices or appliances may be referredto as nodes of the cluster. A centralized management system may performload balancing, distribution, configuration, or other tasks to allow thenodes to operate in conjunction as a single computing system. Such acluster may be viewed as a single virtual appliance or computing device.FIG. 4 shows a block diagram of an illustrative computing device clusteror appliance cluster 400. A plurality of appliances 200 or othercomputing devices (e.g., nodes) may be joined into a single cluster 400.Cluster 400 may operate as an application server, network storageserver, backup service, or any other type of computing device to performmany of the functions of appliances 200 and/or 205.

In some embodiments, each appliance 200 of cluster 400 may beimplemented as a multi-processor and/or multi-core appliance, asdescribed herein. Such embodiments may employ a two-tier distributionsystem, with one appliance if the cluster distributing packets to nodesof the cluster, and each node distributing packets for processing toprocessors/cores of the node. In many embodiments, one or more ofappliances 200 of cluster 400 may be physically grouped orgeographically proximate to one another, such as a group of bladeservers or rack mount devices in a given chassis, rack, and/or datacenter. In some embodiments, one or more of appliances 200 of cluster400 may be geographically distributed, with appliances 200 notphysically or geographically co-located. In such embodiments,geographically remote appliances may be joined by a dedicated networkconnection and/or VPN. In geographically distributed embodiments, loadbalancing may also account for communications latency betweengeographically remote appliances.

In some embodiments, cluster 400 may be considered a virtual appliance,grouped via common configuration, management, and purpose, rather thanas a physical group. For example, an appliance cluster may comprise aplurality of virtual machines or processes executed by one or moreservers.

As shown in FIG. 4, appliance cluster 400 may be coupled to a firstnetwork 104(1) via client data plane 402, for example to transfer databetween clients 102 and appliance cluster 400. Client data plane 402 maybe implemented a switch, hub, router, or other similar network deviceinternal or external to cluster 400 to distribute traffic across thenodes of cluster 400. For example, traffic distribution may be performedbased on equal-cost multi-path (ECMP) routing with next hops configuredwith appliances or nodes of the cluster, open-shortest path first(OSPF), stateless hash-based traffic distribution, link aggregation(LAG) protocols, or any other type and form of flow distribution, loadbalancing, and routing.

Appliance cluster 400 may be coupled to a second network 104(2) viaserver data plane 404. Similarly to client data plane 402, server dataplane 404 may be implemented as a switch, hub, router, or other networkdevice that may be internal or external to cluster 400. In someembodiments, client data plane 402 and server data plane 404 may bemerged or combined into a single device.

In some embodiments, each appliance 200 of cluster 400 may be connectedvia an internal communication network or back plane 406. Back plane 406may enable inter-node or inter-appliance control and configurationmessages, for inter-node forwarding of traffic, and/or for communicatingconfiguration and control traffic from an administrator or user tocluster 400. In some embodiments, back plane 406 may be a physicalnetwork, a VPN or tunnel, or a combination thereof.

E. Service Graph Based Platform and Technology

Referring now to FIGS. 5A-5C, implementation of systems and methods fora service graph based platform and technology will be discussed. Aservice graph is a useful technology tool for visualizing a service byits topology of components and network elements. Services may be made upof microservices with each microservice handling a particular set of oneor more functions of the service. Network traffic may traverse theservice topology such as a client communicating with a server to accessservice (e.g., north-south traffic). Network traffic of a service mayinclude network traffic communicated between microservices of theservices such as within a data center or between data centers (e.g.,east-west traffic). The service graph may be used to identify andprovide metrics of such network traffic of the service as well asoperation and performance of any network elements used to provide theservice. Service graphs may be used for identifying and determiningissues with the service and which part of the topology causing theissue. Services graphs may be used to provide for administering,managing and configuring of services to improve operational performanceof such services.

Referring to FIG. 5A, an implementation of a system for service graphs,such as those illustrated in FIG. 5B, will be described. A device on anetwork, such as a network device 200, 205 or a server 206, may includea service graph generator and configurator 512, a service graph display514 and service graph monitor 516. The service graph generator andconfigurator 512 (generally referred to as service graph generator 512),may identify a topology 510 of elements in the network and metrics 518related to the network and the elements, to generate and/or configureservice graphs 505A-N. The service graphs 505A-N (generally referred toas service graphs 505) may be stored in one or more databases, with anyof the metric 518′ and/or topology 510′. The service graphic generator512 may generate data of the service graphs 505 to be displayed in adisplay or rendered form such as via a user interface, generatedreferred to as service graph display 514. Service graph monitor 516 maymonitor the network elements of the topology and service for metrics 518to configure and generate a service graph 505 and/or to updatedynamically or in real-time the elements and metrics 518 of orrepresented by a service graph display 514.

The topology 510 may include data identifying, describing, specifying orotherwise representing any elements used, traversed in accessing any oneor more services or otherwise included with or part of such one or moreservices, such as any of the services 275 described herein. The topologymay include data identifying or describing any one or more networks andnetwork elements traversed to access or use the services, including anynetwork devices, routers, switches, gateways, proxies, appliances,network connections or links, Internet Service Providers (ISPs), etc.The topology may include data identifying or describing any one or moreapplications, software, programs, services, processes, tasks orfunctions that are used or traversed in accessing a service. In someimplementations, a service may be made up or include multiplemicroservices, each providing one or more functions, functionality oroperations of or for a service. The topology may include dataidentifying or describing any one or more components of a service, suchas programs, functions, applications or microservices used to providethe service. The topology may include parameters, configuration dataand/or metadata about any portion of the topology, such as any elementof the topology.

A service graph 505 may include data representing the topology of aservice 275, such any elements making up such a service or used by theservice, for example as illustrated in FIG. 5B. The service graph may bein a node base form, such as graphical form of nodes and each noderepresenting an element or function of the topology of the service. Aservice graph may represent the topology of a service using nodesconnected among each other via various connectors or links, which may bereferred to as arcs. The arc may identify a relationship betweenelements connected by the arc. Nodes and arcs may be arranged in amanner to identify or describe one or more services. Nodes and arcs maybe arranged in a manner to identify or describe functions provided bythe one or more services. For example, a function node may represent afunction that is applied to the traffic, such as a transform (SSLtermination, VPN gateway), filter (firewalls), or terminal (intrusiondetection systems). A function within the service graph might use one ormore parameters and have one or more connectors.

The service graph may include any combination of nodes and arcs torepresent a service, topology or portions thereof. Nodes and arcs may bearranged in a manner to identify or describe the physical and/or logicaldeployment of the service and any elements used to access the service.Nodes and arcs may be arranged in a manner to identify or describe theflow of network traffic in accessing or using a service. Nodes and arcsmay be arranged in a manner to identify or describe the components of aservice, such as multiple microservices that communicate with each otherto provide functionality of the service. The service graph may be storedin storage such as a database in a manner in order for the service graphgenerator to generate a service graph in memory and/or render theservice graph in display form 514.

The service graph generator 512 may include an application, program,library, script, service, process, task or any type and form ofexecutable instructions for establishing, creating, generating,implementing, configuring or updating a service graph 505. The servicegraph generator may read and/or write data representing the servicegraph to a database, file or other type of storage. The service graphgenerator may comprise logic, functions and operations to construct thearrangement of nodes and arcs to have an electronic representation ofthe service graph in memory. The service graph generator may read oraccess the data in the database and store data into data structures andmemory elements to provide or implement a node based representation ofthe service graph that can be updated or modified. The service graphgenerator may use any information from the topology to generate aservice graph. The service graph generator may make network calls or usediscovery protocols to identify the topology or any portions thereof.The service graph generator may use any metrics, such as in memory orstorage or from other devices, to generate a service graph. The servicegraph generator may comprise logic, functions and operations toconstruct the arrangement of nodes and arcs to provide a graphical orvisual representation of the service graph, such as on a user interfaceof a display device. The service graph generator may comprise logic,functions and operations to configure any node or arc of the servicegraph to represent a configuration or parameter of the corresponding orunderlying element represented by the node or arc. The service graphgenerator may comprise logic, functions and operations to include,identify or provide metrics in connection with or as part of thearrangement of nodes and arcs of the service graph display. The servicegraph generator may comprise an application programming interface (API)for programs, applications, services, tasks, processes or systems tocreate, modify or interact with a service graph.

The service graph display 514 may include any graphical or electronicrepresentation of a service graph 505 for rendering or display on anytype and form of display device. The service graph display may berendered in visual form to have any type of color, shape, size or othergraphical indicators of the nodes and arcs of the service graph torepresent a state or status of the respective elements. The servicegraph display may be rendered in visual form to have any type of color,shape, size or other graphical indicators of the nodes and arcs of theservice graph to represent a state or status of one or more metrics. Theservice graph display may comprise any type of user interface, such as adashboard, that provides the visual form of the service graph. Theservice graph display may include any type and form of user interfaceelements to allow users to interact, interface or manipulate a servicegraph. Portion of the service graph display may be selectable toidentify information, such as metrics or topology information about thatportion of the service graph. Portions of the service graph display mayprovide user interface elements for users to take an action with respectto the service graph or portion thereof, such as to modify aconfiguration or parameter of the element.

The service graph monitor 518 may include an application, program,library, script, service, process, task or any type and form ofexecutable instructions to receive, identify, process metrics 518 of thetopology 510. The service graph monitor 518 monitors via metrics 518 theconfiguration, performance and operation of elements of a service graph.The service graph monitor may obtain metrics from one or more devices onthe network. The service graph monitor may identify or generate metricsfrom network traffic traversing the device(s) of the service graphmonitor. The service graph monitor may receive reports of metrics fromany of the elements of the topology, such as any elements represented bya node in the service graph. The service graph monitor may receivereports of metrics from the service. From the metrics, the service graphmonitor may determine the state, status or condition of an elementrepresented in or by the service graph, such as by a node of the servicegraph. From the metrics, the service graph monitor may determine thestate, status or condition of network traffic or network connectedrepresented in or by the service graph, such as by an arc of the servicegraph. The service graph generator and/or service graph monitor mayupdate the service graph display, such as continuously or inpredetermined frequencies or event based, with any metrics or anychanged in the state, status or condition of a node or arc, elementrepresented by the node or arc, the service, network or network traffictraversing the topology.

The metrics 518, 518′ (generally referred to as metrics 518) may bestored on network device in FIG. 5B, such as in memory or storage. Themetrics 518, 518′ may be stored in a database on the same device or overa network to another device, such as a server. Metrics may include anytype and form of measurement of any element of the topology, service ornetwork. Metrics may include metrics on volume, rate or timing ofrequests or responses received, transmitted or traversing the networkelement represented by the node or arc. Metrics may include metrics onusage of a resource by the element represented by the node or arc, suchas memory, bandwidth. Metrics may include metrics on performance andoperation of a service, including any components or microservices of theservice, such as rate of response, transaction responses and times.

FIG. 5B illustrates an implementation of a service graph in connectionwith microservices of a service in view of east-west network traffic andnorth-south network traffic. In brief overview, clients 102 may accessvia one or more networks 104 a data center having servers 106A-106N(generally referred to as servers 106) providing one or more services275A-275N (generally referred to as services 275). The services may bemade up multiple microservices 575A-575N (generally referred to asmicroservice or micro service 575). Service 275A may includemicroservice 575A and 575N while service 275B may include microservice575B and 575N. The microservices may communicate among the microservicesvia application programming interface (APIs). A service graph 505 mayrepresent a topology of the services and metrics on network traffic,such as east-west network traffic and north-south network traffic.

North-south network traffic generally describes and is related tonetwork traffic between clients and servers, such as client via networks104 to servers of data center and/or servers to clients via network 104as shown in FIG. 5B. East-west network traffic generally describes andis related to network traffic between elements in the data centers, suchas data center to data center, server to server, service to service ormicroservice to microservice.

A service 275 may comprise microservices 575. In some aspects,microservices is a form of service-oriented architecture style whereinapplications are built as a collection of different smaller servicesrather than one whole or singular application (referred to sometimes asa monolithic application). Instead of a monolithic application, aservice has several independent applications or services (e.g.,microservices) that can run on their own and may be created usingdifferent coding or programming languages. As such, a larger server canbe made up of simpler and independent programs or services that areexecutable by themselves. These smaller programs or services are groupedtogether to deliver the functionalities of the larger service. In someaspects, a microservices based service structures an application as acollection of services that may be loosely coupled. The benefit ofdecomposing a service into different smaller services is that itimproves modularity. This makes the application or service easier tounderstand, develop, test, and be resilient to changes in architectureor deployment.

A microservice includes an implementation of one or more functions orfunctionality. A microservice may be a self-contained piece of businessfunction(s) with clear or established interfaces, such as an applicationprogramming interface (API). In some implementations, a microservice maybe deployed in a virtual machine or a container. A service may use oneor more functions on one microservice and another one or more functionsof a different microservice. In operating or executing a service, onemicroservice may make API calls to another microservice and themicroservice may provide a response via an API call, event handler orother interface mechanism. In operating or executing a microservice, themicroservice may make an API call to another microservice, which in itsoperation or execution, makes a call to another microservice, and so on.

The service graph 505 may include multiple nodes 570A-N connected orlinked via one or more or arcs 572A-572N. The service graph may havedifferent types of nodes. A node type may be used to represent aphysical network element, such as a server, client, appliance or networkdevice. A node type may be used to represent an end point, such as aclient or server. A node type may be used to represent an end pointgroup, such as group of clients or servers. A node type may be used torepresent a logical network element, such as a type of technology,software or service or a grouping or sub-grouping of elements. A nodetype may be used to represent a functional element, such asfunctionality to be provided by an element of the topology or by theservice.

The configuration and/or representation of any of the nodes 570 mayidentify a state, a status and/or metric(s) of the element representedby the node. Graphical features of the node may identify or specify anoperational or performance characteristic of the element represented bythe node. A size, color or shape of the node may identify an operationalstate of whether the element is operational or active. A size, color orshape of the node may identify an error condition or issue with anelement. A size, color or shape of the node may identify a level ofvolume of network traffic, a volume of request or responses received,transmitted or traversing the network element represented by the node. Asize, color or shape of the node may identify a level of usage of aresource by the element represented by the node, such as memory,bandwidth, CPU or storage. A size, color or shape of the node mayidentify relativeness with respect to a threshold for any metricassociated with the node or the element represented by the node.

The configuration and/or representation of any of the arcs 572 mayidentify a state, status and/or metric(s) of the element represented bythe arc. Graphical features of the arc may identify or specify anoperational or performance characteristic of the element represented bythe arc. A size, color or shape of the node may identify an operationalstate of whether the network connection represented by the arc isoperational or active. A size, color or shape of the arc may identify anerror condition or issue with a connection associated with the arc. Asize, color or shape of the arc may identify an error condition or issuewith network traffic associated with the arc. A size, color or shape ofthe arc may identify a level of volume of network traffic, a volume ofrequest or responses received, transmitted or traversing the networkconnection or link represented by the arc. A size, color or shape of thearc may identify a level of usage of a resource by network connection ortraffic represented by the arc, such as bandwidth. A size, color orshape of the node may identify relativeness with respect to a thresholdfor any metric associated with the arc. In some implementations, ametric for the arc may include any measurement of traffic volume perarc, latency per arc or error rate per arc.

Referring now to FIG. 5C, an implementation of a method for generatingand displaying a service graph will be described. In brief overview ofmethod 580, at step 582, a topology is identified, such as for aconfiguration of one or more services. At step 584, the metrics ofelements of the topology, such as for a service are monitored. At step586, a service graph is generated and configured. At step 588, a servicegraph is displayed. At step 590, issues with configuration, operationand performance of a service or the topology may be identified ordetermined.

At step 582, a device identifies a topology for one or more services.The device may obtain, access or receive the topology 510 from storage,such as a database. The device may be configured with a topology for aservice, such as by a user. The device may discover the topology orportions therefore via one more discovery protocols communicated overthe network. The device may obtain or receive the topology or portionsthereof from one or more other devices via the network. The device mayidentify the network elements making up one or more services. The devicemay identify functions providing the one or more services. The devicemay identify other devices or network elements providing the functions.The device may identify the network elements for north-west traffic. Thedevice may identify the network elements for east-west traffic. Thedevice may identify the microservices providing a service. In someimplementations, the service graph generator establishes or generates aservice graph based on the topology. The service graph may be stored tomemory or storage.

At step 584, the metrics of elements of the topology, such as for aservice are monitored. The device may receive metrics about the one ormore network elements of the topology from other devices. The device maydetermine metrics from network traffic traversing the device. The devicemay receive metrics from network elements of the topology, such as viareports or events. The device may monitor the service to obtain orreceive metrics about the service. The metrics may be stored in memoryor storage, such as in association with a corresponding service graph.The device may associate one or more of the metrics with a correspondingnode of a service graph. The device may associate one or more of themetrics with a corresponding arc of a service graph. The device maymonitor and/or obtain and/or receive metrics on a scheduled orpredetermined frequency. The device may monitor and/or obtain and/orreceive metrics on a continuous basis, such as in real-time ordynamically when metrics change.

At step 586, a service graph is generated and configured. A servicegraph generator may generate a service graph based at least on thetopology. A service graph generator may generate a service graph basedat least on a service. A service graph generator may generate a servicegraph based on multiple services. A service graph generator may generatea service graph based at least on the microservices making up a service.A service graph generator may generate a service graph based on a datacenter, servers of the data center and/or services of the data center. Aservice graph generator may generate a service graph based at least oneast-west traffic and corresponding network elements. A service graphgenerator may generate a service graph based at least on north-southtraffic and corresponding network elements. A service graph generatormay configure the service graph with parameters, configuration data ormeta-data about the elements represented by a node or arc of the servicegraph. The service graph may be generated automatically by the device.The service graph may be generated responsive to a request by a user,such as via a comment to or user interface of the device.

At step 588, a service graph is displayed. The device, such as viaservice graph generator, may create a service graph display 514 to bedisplayed or rendered via a display device, such as presented on a userinterface. The service graph display may include visual indicators orgraphical characteristics (e.g., size, shape or color) of the nodes andarcs of the service graph to identify status, state or condition ofelements associated with or corresponding to a node or arc. The servicegraph display may be displayed or presented via a dashboard or otheruser interface in which a user may monitor the status of the service andtopology. The service graph display may be updated to show changes inmetrics or the status, state and/or condition of the service, thetopology or any elements thereof. Via the service graph display, a usermay interface or interact with the service graph to discoverinformation, data and details about any of the network elements, such asthe metrics of a microservice of a service.

At step 590, issues with configuration, operation and performance of aservice or the topology may be identified or determined. The device maydetermine issues with the configuration, operation or performance of aservice by comparing metrics of the service to thresholds. The devicemay determine issues with the configuration, operation or performance ofa service by comparing metrics of the service to previous or historicalvalues. The device may determine issues with the configuration,operation or performance of a service by identifying a change in ametric. The device may determine issues with the configuration,operation or performance of a service by identifying a change in astatus, state or condition of a node or arc or elements represented bythe node or arc. The device may change the configuration and/orparameters of the service graph. The device may change the configurationof the service. The device may change the configuration of the topology.The device may change the configuration of network elements making upthe topology or the service. A user may determine issues with theconfiguration, operation or performance of a service by reviewing,exploring or interacting with the service graph display and any metrics.The user may change the configuration and/or parameters of the servicegraph. The user may change the configuration of the service. The usermay change the configuration of the topology. The device may change theconfiguration of network elements making up the topology or the service.

F. Using a Call Chain to Identify Dependencies Among a Plurality ofMicroservices

The present disclosure is directed towards systems and methods for usinga call chain to identify dependencies among a plurality ofmicroservices. A device can be disposed intermediary to a plurality ofmicroservices to monitor and track calls between the plurality ofservices. The device can track calls or requests generated responsive toan initial or first request to determine dependencies between theplurality of microservices. For example, responsive to receiving a firstrequest to access a first microservice, the device can establish a callchain identifying a plurality of requests to a first microservicethrough a last microservice of the plurality of microservices accessedresponsive to the initial or first request. The device can forward thefirst request including the call chain to the first microservice andeach subsequent request including the call chain to each subsequentmicroservice. The device can identify, via the call chain, one or moredependencies between the plurality of microservices. Different servicesmay provide graph tracing by attaching a debugger to processes using anapplication performance management tool or other form of tool to trackor monitor calls between different services. However, the informationcan be generated only after all of the calls have been made or theinformation can be generated lacking transparency.

In embodiments described herein, a device can leverage a nativenetworking framework or architecture to monitor and observe all trafficand calls communicated between a plurality of different services andmicroservices to generate the information transparently. In someembodiments, the device can generate the information in real-time orsubstantially in real-time, for example, as the calls are communicated.For example, the device can generate for each incoming request a uniqueID. The device can generate a call chain ID for a call chaincorresponding to the respective unique ID. In embodiments, if the callchain does not have or include a call chain ID, the call chain can beginwith the unique ID of the initial or first unique ID generated for theinitial or first request. In some embodiments, the device can append acurrent call chain ID to a list of original call requests. The uniqueIDs and the call chain IDs can be stored in such a way that subsequentcalls or requests can include or receive the call chain. For example,the device can append the call chain to include the unique IDs of therespective requests associated with the call chain.

The device can log and store the call chains. In some embodiments, thecall chains can be processed by a backend process performed the deviceor a component of the device. For example, the device can process thecall chains to determine the deep call graphs of each endpoint, serviceand microservice to determine one or more dependencies between theplurality of microservices. The device can collect and store statistics,such as historical data, to identify newly discovered dependenciesbetween the plurality of microservices. In some embodiments, the devicecan use the statistics for alerting as well as statistics regarding thecalls themselves, such as call count, times, and success rates toprovide data for correlation.

Referring now to FIG. 6, depicted is a block diagram of a system 600 forusing a call chain 622 to identify dependencies 628 among a plurality ofmicroservices 575. The device 602 can include an intermediary device,intermediary to a plurality of microservices 575 and/or a plurality ofclient devices (e.g., clients 102 of FIGS. 1A-1C and 5B). For example,the device 602 can include a proxy or a gateway to monitor calls andtraffic, and route calls and traffic between a plurality ofmicroservices 575. The device 602 can include a server. The device 602can include one or more processors 604 coupled to a memory 606. Theprocessor 604 can include or be coupled to a non-volatile memory 606that stores computer instructions and an operating system. For example,the computer instructions can be executed by the processor 604 out ofvolatile memory 606 to perform all or part of the methods 580 and 700.The device 602 can include or execute policies 608 or rules to identifydependencies 628 between a plurality of microservices 575. Inembodiments, the device 602 can monitor traffic, such as east-westtraffic or north-south traffic, between a plurality of microservices 575to determine dependencies 628 between the respective microservices 575.The policies 608 can include rules for generating or processing arequest 616. The policies 608 can include rules for generating uniqueidentifiers (IDs) 626 responsive to receiving or processing a request616. The policies 608 can include rules for generating or establishing acall chain 622. The policies 608 can include rules for generating orprocessing a request 616. The policies 608 can include rules forgenerating a service graph 505 for a call chain 622. In someembodiments, the policies 608 can include instructions for balancingload, bandwidth data, usage data and/or traffic routing data within anetwork 104.

The device 602 can be implemented using hardware or a combination ofsoftware and hardware. For example, each component of the device 602 caninclude logical circuity (e.g., a central processing unit or CPU) thatresponses to and processes instructions fetched from a memory unit(e.g., memory 606). Each component of the device 602 can include or usea microprocessor or a multi-core processor. A multi-core processor caninclude two or more processing units on a single computing component.Each component of the device 602 can be based on any of theseprocessors, or any other processor capable of operating as describedherein. Each processor can utilize instruction level parallelism, threadlevel parallelism, different levels of cache, etc. For example, thedevice 602 can include at least one logic device such as a computingdevice or server having at least one processor to communicate via anetwork 104. The components and elements of the device 602 can beseparate components or a single component. For example, the device 602can include combinations of hardware and software, such as one or moreprocessors configured to initiate stop commands, initiate motioncommands, and transmit or receive event data, for example. The device602 can include a structured set of data. For example, the device 602can include and/or store a plurality of metadata 634 corresponding to acall chain 622, one or more microservices 575, and/or one or morerequests 616.

The device 602 can include a memory component (e.g., memory 606) tostore and retrieve data. The memory 606 can include a random accessmemory (RAM) or other dynamic storage device, coupled with the device602 for storing information, and instructions to be executed by thedevice 602. The memory 606 can include at least one read only memory(ROM) or other static storage device coupled with the device 602 forstoring static information and instructions for the device 602. Thememory 606 can include a storage device, such as a solid state device,magnetic disk or optical disk, coupled with the device 602 topersistently store information and instructions.

The device 602 can include a microservice manager 612 to manage aplurality of microservices 575. The microservice manager 612 can beimplemented using hardware or a combination of software and hardware.For example, the microservice manager 612 can include logical circuity(e.g., a central processing unit or CPU) that responses to and processesinstructions fetched from a memory unit (e.g., memory 606). Themicroservice manager 612 can include or use a microprocessor or amulti-core processor. A multi-core processor can include two or moreprocessing units on a single computing component. The microservicemanager 612 can include or can be based on any of these processors, orany other processor capable of operating as described herein. Eachprocessor can utilize instruction level parallelism, thread levelparallelism, different levels of cache, etc. For example, themicroservice manager 612 can include at least one logic device such as acomputing device or server having at least one processor to communicatevia a network 104. The components and elements of the microservicemanager 612 can be separate components or a single component. Forexample, the microservice manager 612 can include combinations ofhardware and software.

In embodiments, the microservice manager 612 can generate and/ormaintain a service graph 505 for a call chain 622. For example, themicroservice manager 612 can generate at least one service graph 505 foreach call chain 622. The service graph 505 can be the same as orsubstantially similar to the service graphs 505 described above withrespect to FIGS. 5A-5C. In embodiments, the microservice manager 612and/or the device 602 can generate the service graph 505 to include datarepresenting the topology of a service 275 or a plurality ofmicroservices 575 for a call chain 622. The service graph 505 canillustrate or show the dependencies 628 of the plurality ofmicroservices 575 associated with a call chain 622.

The device 602 can include a database 620. The database 620 can includea structured set of data (e.g., event data stored for the device 602).For example, the database 620 can include one or more call chains 622 orcall chain data. A call chain 622 can include a plurality of requests616 corresponding to a plurality of microservices 575. In embodiments,the call chain 622 can include a plurality of requests 616 correspondingto a first microservice 575 through a last microservice 575 accessedresponsive to an initial or first request 616. The call chain 622 caninclude a call chain ID 624. In some embodiments, the device 602 cangenerate a call chain ID 624 for each call chain 622 to uniquelyidentify the respective call chain 622. The call chain 622 can include aplurality of unique IDs 626 (e.g., request IDs 626). For example, eachof the requests 616 included with or associated with a call chain 622can include at least one unique ID 626. Thus, the call chain 622 caninclude a plurality of unique IDs 626 corresponding to the plurality ofrequests 616 included with or associated with a call chain 622. Thedatabase 620 can include a call chain log 632. The call chain log 632can include a listing of a plurality of call chains 622. The call chainlog 632 can correspond to a listing of a plurality of relationshipsbetween a plurality of microservices 575.

The database 620 can include a plurality of dependencies 628. Adependency 628, can include, but not limited to, a relationship betweenat least two microservices 575. For example, a dependency 628 cancorrespond to an order in which one or more microservices 575 worktogether, are grouped together or collectively respond to one or morerequests 616. The dependency 628 can include a reliance of at least onemicroservice 575 to use the functionality, skill or services of at leastone other microservice 575 to handle or execute a request 616 ormultiple requests 616.

The database 620 can include metadata 634. The metadata 634 cancorrespond to or include data or information associated with one or moremicroservices 575, one or more requests 616, one or more call chains 622and/or one or more service graphs 505. The metadata 634 can correspondto or include call chain IDs 624 and/or unique IDs 626. In someembodiments, the metadata 634 can include statistics associated with oneor more calls between a plurality of microservices 575, call counts,call times, success rates and/or failure rates. In embodiments, thedevice 602 can generate a call chain 622 to include metadata 634. Forexample, the device 602 can generate a call chain 622 to includemetadata 634 attached or included with one or more requests 616 of therespective call chain 622. The metadata 634 attached or included withthe one or more requests 616 of the respective call chain 622 caninclude, but not limited to, call chain IDs 624 and/or unique IDs 626.

A plurality of microservices 575 can couple with or otherwise interactwith the device 602. In embodiments, the plurality of microservices 575can be a component of one or more services 275. For example, themicroservices 575 can be the same as or substantially similar tomicroservices 575A-575N described above with respect to FIGS. 5A-5C. Forexample, two or more microservices 575 can be grouped together orinteract with each other to provide the functionality or skills of atleast one service 275. The microservices 575 can communicate with one ormore other microservices 575 via application programming interface(APIs). In some embodiments, the microservices 575 can couple with orreceive requests 616 from the device 602 via one or more channels 660.The channels 660 can include a session or connection between the device602 and at least one microservice 575. In some embodiments, the channels660 can include a session or connection between two or moremicroservices 575. The channel 660 may include encrypted and/or securesessions established between the device 602 and at least onemicroservice 575 or between two or more microservices 575. The encryptedsession can include an encrypted connection between a device 602 and atleast one microservice 575 or between two or more microservices 575.

Network 104 may be a public network, such as a wide area network (WAN)or the Internet. In some embodiments, network 104 may be a privatenetwork such as a local area network (LAN) or a company Intranet.Network 104 may be the same as or substantially similar to network 104described above with respect to FIGS. 1A-1B, 4, and 5A-5B.

Each of the above-mentioned elements or entities is implemented inhardware, or a combination of hardware and software, in one or moreembodiments. Each component of the device 602 may be implemented usinghardware or a combination of hardware or software detailed above inconnection with FIGS. 1-5B. For instance, each of these elements orentities can include any application, program, library, script, task,service, process or any type and form of executable instructionsexecuting on hardware of a client device (e.g., device 602). Thehardware includes circuitry such as one or more processors in one ormore embodiments.

Referring now to FIGS. 7A-7C, depicted is a flow diagram of oneembodiment of a method 700 for using a call chain to identifydependencies among a plurality of microservices. The functionalities ofthe method 700 may be implemented using, or performed by, the componentsdetailed herein in connection with FIGS. 1-6.

Referring now to operation (705), and in some embodiments, a request 616can be received. In embodiments, a device 602 intermediary to aplurality of microservices 575 can receive a first request 616 to accessa first microservice 575 of the plurality of microservices 575. In someembodiments, during processing of the first request 616 by the firstmicroservice 575 causes the first microservice 575 to communicate atleast a second request 616 to a second microservice 575 of the pluralityof microservices 575. The microservices 575 can be grouped or dependentone or more other microservices 575 to form a component of at least oneservice 275. For example, the microservices 575 can be grouped ordependent one or more other microservices 575 to perform a function orskill of at least one service 275.

The request 616 can be received from a client device (e.g., client 102of FIGS. 1A-1B, 5B). In some embodiments, the request 616 can bereceived a server or microservice 575. For example, the requests 616 caninclude a call from a first microservice 575 to a second, differentmicroservice 575. The request 616 can include a request for at least oneservice, execution of at least one service, at least one applicationand/or execution of at least one application. The request 616 canidentify at least one service, at least one microservice associated withat least one service, at least one application and/or at least onemicroservice associated with the application. For example, a service caninclude a collection or plurality of microservices 575. In embodiments,a service can include, be built and/or generated using one or moremicroservices 575 such that each of the one or more microservices 575perform part of the function of the respective service. In someembodiments, an application can include a collection or plurality ofmicroservices 575. In embodiments, an application can include, be builtand/or generated using one or more microservices 575 such that each ofthe one or more microservices 575 perform part of the function of therespective application.

Referring now to operation (710), and in some embodiments, amicroservice 575 can be identified. The device 602 device 602 candetermine at least one microservice 575 associated with the request 616.For example, the device can determine at least one microservice 575associated with a service identified in the request 616. The device 602can determine a plurality of microservices 575 associated with therequest 616 and/or service associated the request 616. In someembodiments, the device can determine at least one microservice 575associated with an application identified in the request 616. The device602 can determine a plurality of microservices 575 associated with therequest 616 and/or an application associated the request 616.

In some embodiments, the device 602 can determine at least onemicroservice 575 to handle the request 616. For example, the device canselect at least one microservice 575 of the plurality of microservices575 to the handle the request 616. The microservice 575 can be selectedbased in part on the parameters included within the request 616. Forexample, the device 602 can select a microservice 575 based in part on aservice identified in the request 616, a type of service identified inthe request 616, an application identified in the request 616, a type ofapplication identified in the request 616 and/or a function or serviceof a service or application identified in the request 616. In someembodiments, a header or metadata included with the request 616 caninclude or indicate a call chain 622 and/or one or more microservices575 associated with a call chain 622. For example, the device 602 canreceive the request 616 and determine a call chain corresponding to therequest 616 using the header data and/or metadata. The device 602 canidentify at least one microservice 575 for the request 616 or a firstmicroservice 575 of a plurality of microservices 575 associated with thecall chain 622.

Referring now to operation (715), and in some embodiments, a subsequentrequest 616 can be generated or received. The device 602, duringprocessing of a request 616, can generate a subsequent request 616. Forexample, the device 602, during processing of an initial request 616,first request 616 or previous request 616, can generate a subsequentrequest 616 (e.g., subsequent to the initial, first or previous request)or second request 616. The subsequent request 616 or second request 616can identify a second microservice 575. The second microservice 575 canbe different from the first microservice 575 or the microservice 575that received the request 616. The device 602 can determine that asecond or additional microservice 575 is to handle or execute part ofthe request 616 with or in conjunction with the first microservice 575.The device 602 can generate a second or subsequent request 616 for theidentified second microservice 575. The second or subsequent request 616can identify a function or service the respective second microservice575 is to perform to handle or execute part of the request 616.

In some embodiments, the first microservice 575 or the microservice 575that received the request 616 can generate the subsequent request 616 orsecond request 616. For example, the microservice 575 can determine thatone or more parts of the request 616 can be or are typically handled byone or more different microservices 575. The microservice 575 cangenerate a second or subsequent request 616 for at least one of the oneor more different microservices 575 to handle a part of the request 616.In embodiments, the device 602 can receive a second request 616 orsubsequent request 616 to access a second microservice 575 or subsequentmicroservice 575 responsive to the first microservice 575 processing thefirst request 616.

Referring now to operation (720), and in some embodiments, a uniqueidentifier (ID) 626 can be generated. In embodiments, the device 602 cangenerate a first unique ID 626 for the first request 616 to the firstmicroservice 575. The device 602 can generate at least one unique ID 626for each request 616 received. For example, the device 602 can generatea second unique ID 626 or subsequent ID 626 responsive to receiving asecond request 616 or subsequent request 616. In embodiments, the device602 can generate a third unique ID 626 for a third request 616responsive to receiving a third request 616 or subsequent request 616.The unique IDs 626 can correspond to an initial ID for a call chain 622.In some embodiments, the unique IDs 626 can be identified by a callchain 622. The unique ID 626 can indicate the respective request 616 theID 626 was generated for. The unique ID 626 can indicate a call chain622 the respective request 616 is included with. The unique ID 626 canindicate one or more microservices 575 associated with the request 616.In embodiments, the device 602 can generate the unique ID 626 for arequest 616 responsive to receiving the respective request 616. In someembodiments, the unique IDs 626 can be referred to as request IDs 626.The device 602 can store the respective unique IDs 626 (e.g., requestIDs 626) in a database 620 of the device 602 or remotely located fromthe device 602.

Referring now to operation (725), and in some embodiments, a call chain622 can be established. In embodiments, the device can establish a callchain 622 for identifying a plurality of requests 616 to a firstmicroservice 575 through a last microservice 575 of the plurality ofmicroservices 575 accessed responsive to the first request 616. The callchain 622 can include or identify the first unique ID 626. The callchain 622 can include at least one unique ID 626 for each of therequests 616 include with or associated with the respective call chain622. The device 602 can generate a call chain ID 624 for each call chain622 to uniquely identify the respective call chain 622. The call chain622 can include a plurality of unique IDs 626 (e.g., request IDs 626)corresponding to requests 616 associated with the call chain 622. Inembodiments, the call chain 622 can include two or more requests 616 fora microservice 575 or a plurality of microservices 575. For example, thecall chain 622 can include a listing of microservices 575, for example,from a first microservice 575 through a last microservice 575 used tohandle or execute one or more requests 616. The call chain 622 can begenerated responsive to an initial or first request 616. The call chaincan 622 include the initial or first request 616 and the microservice575 used to handle or execute the initial or first request 616, eachrequest 616 generated responsive to the initial or first request 616 andeach microservice 575 used to handle each request 616 generatedresponsive to the initial or first request 616.

The device 602 can generate the call chain 622 to include metadata 634.For example, the device 602 can generate the call chain 622 to metadata634 attached to one or more requests 616 of the respective call chain622. The call chain 622 can include metadata 634, such as but notlimited to, call chain IDs 624, unique IDs 626, dependency data attachedto one or more requests associated with the call chain 622. In someembodiments, the metadata 634 can be included with or added to a headerof the respective requests 616. For example, a header of one or morerequests 616 can include, but not limited to, the call chain 622, callchain IDs 624, unique IDs 626, and/or dependency data.

In some embodiments, the call chain 622 can include a listing or orderof requested functions or services for an application or one or moremicroservices 575. The requests 616 can arranged or organized within thecall chain 622 in a predetermined order. For example, the requests 616can be arranged or organized within the call chain 622 based in part ona time value of when the respective request 616 was received. Therequests 616 can be arranged or organized within the call chain 622based in part on a function or service associated with the respectiverequest 616. The requests 616 can be arranged or organized within thecall chain 622 based in part on an order selected or determined by thedevice 602.

Referring now to operation (730), and in some embodiments, a request 616can be forwarded. In embodiments, the device 602 can forward the firstrequest 616 including the call chain 622 to the first microservice 575.The device 602 can identify and forward a request 616 to the respectivemicroservice 575 associated with or identified by the request 616. Forexample, the device 602 can forward or transmit the initial or firstrequest 616 to the first microservice 575 associated with the initial orfirst request 616 of a plurality of microservices 575.

Referring now to operation (735), and in some embodiments, a call chain622 can be updated. The device 602 can dynamically update the call chain622 to include new or additional requests 616 are generated and new oradditional microservices 575 are called to handle the respective new oradditional requests 616. The device 602 can dynamically update the callchain 622 to include new or additional unique IDs 626 generated for newor additional requests 616. For example, in embodiments, the device 602can include in the call chain 622 a second unique ID 626 generated bythe device 602 for the second request 616 to the second microservice575. The device 602 can include in the call chain 622 a subsequentunique ID 626 generated by the device 602 for a subsequent request 616,subsequent to an initial, first or previous request 616. The subsequentrequest 616 can identify or be associated with a subsequent microservice575 that is different from the first or previous microservice 575. Insome embodiments, the device 602 can update metadata 634 attached withone or more requests 616. For example, the device 602 can updatemetadata 634 attached with one or more requests 616 to include callchain IDs 624 and/or dependency data. The device 602 can update a headerof one or more requests 616. For example, the device 602 can update aheader of one or more requests 616 to include call chain IDs 624, uniqueIDs 626 and/or dependency data.

Referring now to operation (740), and in some embodiments, a subsequentrequest 616 can be forwarded. In embodiments, the device 602 can forwardthe second request 616 including the call chain 622 to the secondmicroservice 575. The call chain 622 can identify the first microservice575 and the second microservice 575. For example, the device 602 can usethe call chain 622 to determine a microservice 575 to forward a secondor subsequent request 616. The device 602 can identify and forward eachsubsequent request 616 to the respective subsequent microservices 575associated with or identified by the subsequent request 616 as thesubsequent requests 616 are generated. The device 602 can forward thecall chain 622 or call chain data such that a microservice 575 candetermine a subsequent microservice to forward a second or subsequentrequest 616. For example, the first microservice 575 can forward thesecond request 616 including the call chain 622 to the secondmicroservice 575. The first microservice 575 or previous microservice575 can identify and forward a subsequent request 616 to a subsequentmicroservice 575 associated with or identified by the subsequent request616 as the subsequent request 616 is generated.

Referring now to operation (745), and in some embodiments, a dependency628 can be determined. In embodiments, the device 602, via the callchain 622, can identify that the first microservice 575 depends on thesecond microservice 575. The device 602 can determine a dependency 628based in part on an order of the requests 616 and/or microservices 575identified in a call chain 622. For example, the call chain 622 canidentify an order in which one or more microservices 575 can worktogether, be grouped together or collectively respond to one or morerequests 616. The dependency can include a reliance of at least onemicroservice 575 to use the functionality, skill or services of at leastone other microservice 575 to handle or execute a request 616. In oneembodiment, a group of microservices 575 collectively can correspond toor be associated with the functionality of at least one service orapplication. The different microservices 575 of the group ofmicroservices 575 can be dependent on each (e.g., have a dependency) tohandle or execute a request 616 to perform the full functionality, skillor services of at least one service or application. The device 602,using a call chain 622, can determine which microservices 575 a firstmicroservice 575 is linked with or dependent on. The call chain 622 caninclude or identify multiple dependencies 628. The device 602 candetermine the multiple dependencies 628 included with or identified bythe call chain 622 and each of the microservices 575 associated with themultiple dependencies 628.

Referring now to operation (750), and in some embodiments, adetermination can be made if the call chain 622 and/or request 616includes more dependencies. In embodiments, the device 602 can determineif the call chain 622 associated with the respective initial request 616or previous request 616 includes anymore dependencies 628. The device602 can determine if the initial request 616 or previous one or morerequests 616 can be handled or executed by the identified one or moremicroservices 575 or if the call chain 622 associated with therespective initial request 616 or previous request 616 includes anymoredependencies 628. For example, the device 602 can determine the numberof dependencies of the call chain 622. The device 602 can compare therequests 616 that have been handled or communicated to at least onemicroservice 575 with a list of requests 616 included with the callchain 622 to determine if each of the requests 616 included with thecall chain 622 have been communicated to at least one microservice 575or handled by at least one microservice 575. The device can determine ifany more requests 616 need to be generated or communicated with at leastone microservice 575. The device 602 can compare the microservices 575that have been used or communicated with to process at least a part ofthe initial or previous one or more requests 616 with a list ofmicroservices 575 included with the call chain 622. The device 602 candetermine if one or more microservices 575 includes at least one moredependency 628 to handle or execute a request 616.

Referring now to operation (755), and in some embodiments, a subsequentrequest 616 can be generated. In embodiments, if any more requests 616need to be generated or communicated with at least one microservice 575,the device 602 can generate a third request 616 or subsequent request616. In some embodiments, if one or more microservices 575 includes atleast one more dependency 628 to handle or execute a request 616, thedevice 602 can generate a third request 616 or subsequent request 616.The device 602 can during processing of each previous request 616,generate a next or subsequent request 616. The next or subsequentrequest 616 can be generated based in part on the identifieddependencies of the call chain 622. For example, the device 602 candetermine, using the identified dependencies that the secondmicroservice 575 or previous microservice 575 has a dependency on athird or subsequent microservice 575. The device 602 determine a thirdor subsequent microservice 575 to handle or execute part of a previousor initial request 616. The device 602 can generate a third orsubsequent request 616 for the third or subsequent microservice 575. Insome embodiments, processing of the second request 616 or subsequentrequest 616 can cause the second microservice 575 to communicate thethird request 616 to a third microservice 575 of the plurality ofmicroservices 575.

Referring now to operation (760), and in some embodiments, a unique ID626 can be generated. The device 602 can generate at least one unique ID626 for each subsequent request 616 generated and/or received. Theunique ID 626 can indicate the respective request 616 the ID 626 wasgenerated for. The unique ID 626 can indicate a call chain 622 therespective request 616 is included with. The unique ID 626 can indicateone or more microservices 575 associated with the request 616. Inembodiments, the device 602 can generate the unique ID 626 for a request616 responsive to generating or receiving the respective request 616.The method 700 can return to operation (740) to forward a subsequent orthird request 616. For example, in some embodiments, processing of thesecond request 616 or subsequent request 616 can cause the secondmicroservice 575 to communicate a third request 616 to a thirdmicroservice 575 of the plurality of microservices 575.

Referring now to operation (765), and in some embodiments, statisticscan be determined for a call chain 622. In embodiments, if the device602 determines that no more requests 616 need to be generated orcommunicated with at least one microservice 575, the device 602determine statistics for the call chain 622. In some embodiments, if thedevice 602 determines that the identified or used microservices 575 donot include at least one more dependency 628, the device 602 candetermine statistics for the call chain 622.

The statistics can include, but not limited to, historical datacorresponding to the call chain 622, the requests 616 associated withthe call chain 622 and the dependencies 628 associated with the callchain 622. The statistics can include, but not limited to, call count,call times, failure rates, and/or success rates. In embodiments, thedevice 602 can monitor the plurality of microservices 575 associatedwith a call chain 622 and/or a plurality of requests 616 to determinethe statistics for the respective call chain 622 and/or the respectiveplurality of requests 616. The device 602 can continually monitor theplurality of microservices 575 during execution of one or more requests616 associated with a call chain 622 to determine the statistics for therespective call chain 622. In embodiments, the device 602 can track andmonitor a number of times a microservice 575 has been called, a time atwhich the microservice 575 has been called and a rate of success ofusing the plurality of microservices 575 of the call chain 622.

Referring now to operation (770), and in some embodiments, a failure canbe identified. The device 602 can use the statistics to detect one ormore failures are associated with a call chain 622 or to detect one ormore failures that occurred during the execution of one or more requests616 associated with a call chain 622. In some embodiments, a failure cancorrespond to a call to at least one microservice that the respectivemicroservice did not respond to and/or did not execute the respectiverequest 616 included with the call correctly. For example, the device602 can monitor the interactions between the different microservices 575to determine a failure of a first microservice 575 to call a second,different microservice 575. The device 602 can monitor the interactionsbetween the different microservices 575 to determine a failure of afirst microservice 575 to respond to or answer a call from a second,different microservice 575. The device 602 can detect one or morefailures for one or more calls associated with a call chain 622. Thedevice 602 can determine a failure rate for one or more microservices575 of a plurality of microservices 575 of a call chain 622. In someembodiments, the device 602 can determine that no failures areassociated with the call chain 622 or that no failures occurred duringthe execution of one or more requests 616 associated with a call chain622.

Referring now to operation (775), and in some embodiments, a dependency628 can be updated. The device 602 can use the statistics to detect oneor more dependencies 628 between the plurality of microservices 575associated with a call chain 622. The device 602 can determine if a listof dependencies 628 for the call chain 622 needs to be updated. Forexample, the device 602 can compare a list of detected dependencies 628detected during execution of one or more requests 616 associated with acall chain 622 to a list of dependencies 628 stored in a database 620for the respective call chain 622 or the respective plurality ofmicroservices 575 associated with the call chain 622. The device 602 candetermine if the microservices 575 used any new dependencies 628. Forexample, the device 602 can determine which microservice 575 ormicroservices 575 that a first microservice 575 or subsequentmicroservice 575 called during the execution of execution of one or morerequests 616 associated with the call chain 622. The device 602 candetermine if the first microservice 575 or subsequent microservice 575called the same microservice 575 or microservices 575 during theexecution of execution of one or more requests 616 associated with thecall chain 622. The device 602 can determine if the first microservice575 or subsequent microservice 575 called one or more differentmicroservices 575 during the execution of execution of one or morerequests 616 associated with the call chain 622. The device 602 candetermine if an identified dependency 628 for a microservice 575 needsto be updated. For example, the device 602 can determine if at least onedependency needs to be added to an identified dependency 628 or list ofdependencies 628 for a microservice 575. The device 602 can determine ifat least one dependency needs to be removed from an identifieddependency 628 or list of dependencies 628 for a microservice 575. Thedevice 602 can update the dependencies 628 for one or more microservices575.

Referring now to operation (780), and in some embodiments, a servicegraph 505 can be generated. The device 602 can generate a service graph505. The service graph 505 can be the same as or substantially similarto the service graphs 505 described above with respect to FIGS. 5A-5C.For example, the device 602 can generate the service graph 505 toinclude data representing the topology of a service 275 or a pluralityof microservices 575 for a call chain 622. The device 602 can generatethe service graph 505 based in part on the determined statistics for thecall chain 622. The device 602 can generate the service graph 505 toshow the dependencies 628 of the plurality of microservices 575associated with the call chain 622. In embodiments, the device 602 canupdate dynamically or in real-time the elements and metrics of orrepresented by a service graph for a call chain 622.

In some embodiments, the device 602 can generate the service graph 505to illustrate or identify a failure between a first microservice 575 anda second microservice 575 of a plurality of microservices 575 associatedwith the call chain 622. For example, the device 602 can generate theservice graph 505 of the call chain 505 to identify a failure betweenthe plurality of microservices 575, a number of times a microservice 575has been called, a time at which the microservice 575 has been calledand a rate of success of using the plurality of microservices 575 of thecall chain 622.

Various elements, which are described herein in the context of one ormore embodiments, may be provided separately or in any suitablesubcombination. For example, the processes described herein may beimplemented in hardware, software, or a combination thereof. Further,the processes described herein are not limited to the specificembodiments described. For example, the processes described herein arenot limited to the specific processing order described herein and,rather, process blocks may be re-ordered, combined, removed, orperformed in parallel or in serial, as necessary, to achieve the resultsset forth herein.

It will be further understood that various changes in the details,materials, and arrangements of the parts that have been described andillustrated herein may be made by those skilled in the art withoutdeparting from the scope of the following claims.

We claim:
 1. A method comprising: establishing, by a device, a callchain that identifies a plurality of requests via a first microservicethrough one or more subsequent microservices of a plurality ofmicroservices accessed responsive to a first request to the firstmicroservice, the call chain identifying a unique identifier for each ofthe first microservice and the one or more subsequent microservices;determining, by the device using the call chain, one or moredependencies between the first microservice and the one or moresubsequent microservices; and generating, by the device for display, aservice graph representing the one or more dependencies of the callchain.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the call chain identifies thatthe first microservice depends on at least one of the one or moresubsequent microservices.
 3. The method of claim 1, further comprisingdetermining, by the device responsive to monitoring execution of theplurality of requests, statistics of the call chain.
 4. The method ofclaim 3, further comprising generating, by the device, the service graphto represent the statistics of the call chain.
 5. The method of claim 1,further comprising comparing, by the device, the one or moredependencies to a dependency list maintained by the device.
 6. Themethod of claim 5, further comprising determining, by the deviceresponsive to comparing, that the one or more dependencies has adependency not identified in the dependency list.
 7. The method of claim5, further comprising generating, by the device, the service graph torepresent a change in dependencies of the call chain based at least onthe comparing.
 8. A system comprising: one or more processors, coupledto memory and configured to: establish a call chain that identifies aplurality of requests via a first microservice through one or moresubsequent microservices of a plurality of microservices accessedresponsive to a first request to the first microservice, the call chainidentifying a unique identifier for each of the first microservice andthe one or more subsequent microservices; determine, using the callchain, one or more dependencies between the first microservice and theone or more subsequent microservices; and generate for display a servicegraph representing the one or more dependencies of the call chain. 9.The system of claim 8, wherein the call chain identifies that the firstmicroservice depends on at least one of the one or more subsequentmicroservices.
 10. The system of claim 8, wherein the one or moreprocessors are further configured to determine, responsive to monitoringexecution of the plurality of requests, statistics of the call chain.11. The system of claim 10, wherein the one or more processors arefurther configured to generate the service graph to represent thestatistics of the call chain.
 12. The system of claim 8, wherein the oneor more processors are further configured to compare the one or moredependencies to a dependency list maintained by the device.
 13. Thesystem of claim 12, wherein the one or more processors are furtherconfigured to determine, responsive to comparing, that the one or moredependencies has a dependency not identified in the dependency list. 14.The system of claim 12, wherein the one or more processors are furtherconfigured to generate the service graph to represent a change independencies of the call chain based at least on the comparing.
 15. Asystem comprising: one or more processors, coupled to memory andconfigured to: establish a call chain that identifies a plurality ofrequests via a first microservice through one or more subsequentmicroservices of a plurality of microservices accessed responsive to afirst request to the first microservice, wherein the call chain providesa unique identifier for each of the first microservice and the one ormore subsequent microservices; generating statistics of the call chain;comparing the statistics to one or more dependencies identified for thecall chain; and generate for display a service graph representing theone or more dependencies of the call chain.
 16. The system of claim 15,wherein the one or more processors are further configured to identify,using the call chain, one or more dependencies between the firstmicroservice and the one or more subsequent microservices.
 17. Thesystem of claim 15, wherein the one or more processors are furtherconfigured to identify the one or more dependencies in comparison to adependency list maintained by the device.
 18. The system of claim 15,wherein the one or more processors are further configured to monitorexecution of the plurality of requests of the call chain for generatingstatistics of the call chain.
 19. The system of claim 15, wherein theone or more processors are further configured to generate for thedisplay the service graph representing statistics of the call chain. 20.The system of claim 15, wherein the one or more processors are furtherconfigured to generate for the display the service graph to identifychanges to the one or more dependencies of the call chain.